*Correspondence: Xiping Liu, lxp3771@sina.com, Advantages of social cognitive career theory, Challenges to social cognitive career theory, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1023994, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Last but not least, it would be useful for prospective studies to test SCCT constructs in predicting life satisfaction of university students, which can be moderated by cultural [114], field-specific, measurement, or sampling considerations. Design/methodology/approach: The studies used experimental designs involving participants enrolled in an undergraduate . Krumboltz's theory offers insight on how to deal with the limited degree of control we have over some career experiences. These constructive activities form a cycle of adaptation that is periodically repeated as new transitions appear on the horizon. The structural equation modeling (SEM) is a technique that is normally employed for confirming whether the theory of hypothetical models fits the data [23]. One of the common exam questions is to evaluate a theory. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is a career development theory that considers the interactions between environment and personal factors as important for career development. Thus, they warned academics to utilize domain-specific measures in any examinations of extended SCCT. Social cognitive theory posits that goals are importantly tied to both self-efficacy and outcome expectations: People tend to set goals that are consistent with their views of their personal capabilities and of the outcomes they expect to attain from pursuing a particular course of action. SE beliefs are pretty dynamic and are specific to specific activity domains. With the development of computer networks, career intervention has evolved into an online format. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Yes All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. Although limited studies have examined the relationships between PTs and the vocational and career constructs [50], it is still difficult to illustrate strong deductions regarding the effects of PTs due to the use of varying scales. : enrolling on a course). Hence, hypothesis 2b is supported. Perhaps the most often cited strategies stem from social cognitive theory (SCT; Bandura, 1986, 2002b), which suggests that depictions of liked characters experiencing either rewards or punishments for their actions will influence viewers to be either more or less likely to perform those behaviors themselves. Rehabil. As an important research direction, SCCT intervention can be designed around career guidance and counseling in school. A strengths-based longitudinal career intervention for junior secondary school students with special educational needs: a mixed-method evaluation. Drawing from Career Construction Theory (Savickas, 2013) and Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986), we examine role modeling as a socialization mechanism that facilitates the transmission of career adaptability across generations. J. An evolving theory that is open to change. Strengths of Social Cognitive Theory. doi: 10.1177/0894845319832973. doi: 10.1002/cdq.12110, Hirschi, A., Niles, S. G., and Akos, P. (2011). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The sample sizes ranged from 111 [73] and 1,187 [71]. Internet Intervent. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.t005. J. Vocat. How would you personally be able to use SCCT in your day to day work, either as a reflective tool for work with individual clients, your work generally or within interventions? Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) is a relatively new theory that is aimed at explaining three interrelated aspects of career development: (1) how basic academic and career interests develop, (2) how educational and career choices are made, and (3) how academic and career success is obtained. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". These results are discussed in the final section, in addition to limitations and implications for SCCT and healthcare . Previous studies found that life satisfaction was significantly associated with DS in the context of university-to-work transition, thus providing logic for embracing life satisfaction as an outcome construct [31]. Citation: Mohd Rasdi R, Ahrari S (2020) The applicability of social cognitive career theory in predicting life satisfaction of university students: A meta-analytic path analysis. This model offered better fit indices: CMIN/DF = 3102.582, p < 0.01, IFI = 0.903, CFI = 0.903, NFI = .904, GFI = .907, and RMSEA = 0.078. Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) is not a free and open access software. Concepts under social cognitive theory include: Positive and negative reinforcement: Positive or negative responses, such as rewards or punishments, can impact future learning behaviours. Career Theory and Practice: Learning Through Case Studies illustrates the process, theories, and application of career development counseling through a series of rich case studies integrated throughout the text. Second, studies were excluded if they did not meet all of the inclusion standards, or if inadequate data were available for calculation. No, Is the Subject Area "Social theory" applicable to this article? Child. The use of assessments early in the counseling can gauge the need in terms of decision-making processes, contextual barriers, and/or choice of content options. The first level of career intervention is open to all students and is designed with a practical career curriculum according to the psychological developmental characteristics. Sixteen studies (20 samples) were chosen for the meta-analytic path analysis (see Fig 2). DW and HD modified the manuscript. Ali, S. R., Pham, A., Loh Garrison, Y., and Brown, S. D. (2019). Among them, the background contextual affordance helps individuals to form interests and self-perceptions, while contextual influences play a role in the career decisions (Lent et al., 1994). doi: 10.1177/1069072718758296, Schaub, M., and Tokar, D. M. (2005). Lent and Brown [28] mentioned that Heller, Watson, and Ilies [32] research is one of the bases for the satisfaction model. Therefore, the present study investigates how these can affect students life satisfaction. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(89)90020-1, Lent, R. W., Miller, M. J., Smith, P. E., Watford, B. must be performed cautiously. & Brown, S.D. Career Assess. According to Borenstein [83], the random-effects model permits that the true effect size may differ from study to study (normally distributed). posit two predictions (Lent, et al., 1994, pp. Several past research has studied SCCT by using meta-analysis. The current results showed that PTs could significantly influence ESs ( = .331, p-value = 0.000). The social learning theories seek to explain how academic and career interests develop, how people make educational and career choices, and how to attain career and educational success. 3. The boundaryless career as a new employment principle, in The Boundaryless Career, eds M. B. Arthur, and D. M. Rousseau (New York: Oxford University Press), 320. Therefore: ESs as contextual affordances can facilitate an individuals vocational option and growth [35]. You can help correct errors and omissions. TRUE In career counseling, it is best to choose one specific theory and use it exclusively in your work with clients. Therefore, Lange [4] stressed that career uncertainty, as an apparent risk and fear of prospect joblessness, has a negative consequence on peoples well-being. The present study provided an organized theory-driven analysis of the studies on SCCT as a path to those embarking on future studies and developing theoretical descriptions. This is in line with Ali [94] that PTs may also be key indicators of other facets of individuals life, including satisfaction with life. 46, 608622. It developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. The oldest study included in this research was published in 2005, while the latest study was printed in 2018. This proposes that the correlations are fairly heterogeneous. Social cognitive theory (SCT), used in psychology, . Or did it take some work before it clicked? Overview of Social Cognitive Career Theory Model of Career Self-Management The CSM model was developed to examine how, under varying cognitive, personal, and contextual influences, individuals direct their own career development and navigate career transitions. 47, 424439. Human behavior is explained in terms of a triadic, dynamic, and reciprocal model in which behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences all interact. Lent (2013) argues that people are likely to be happy relative to the extent of: Lent (2013) adds that it is also affected by: He goes on to state that there are many indirect paths by which personality and environment can influence or affect work satisfaction. Career Choice and Development (4th Ed.. 255-311). and Lent, R.W. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations change dynamically as learning experiences change, and a developmental perspective is used to view career development. here. What kinds of different goals are there and is the model always applicable? (2013). Methodology, Is occupational planning always goal orientated? Effectiveness of a career intervention for empowerment of institutionalized youth. Once it clicks in your mind its not too difficult to understand I think. Can you think of cultural groups that wouldnt fit in with SCCT or for whom this model has less or little to offer? Values, such as money and status, are integrated in outcome expectations and we expect these to happen when we engage in activities we are interested in. Whether youre an advocate of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent et al. On the contrary, the lack of such support, or the existence of background barriers, is possible to block GP and decrease life satisfaction [30]. 16, 621. To sum up, the school career intervention system is based on the three levels of career development. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Yes Lent and Brown [28] characterized life satisfaction as having trait-like features (p. 243). Drawing upon social cognitive career theory model of career self-management, . 47, 209221. Through the studies, life satisfaction had a low correlation with GP (r+ = .291). Studies showed that ESs are indirectly linked to life satisfaction through SE and OEs [28]. Project HOPE: sociopolitical development and SCCT beliefs of latinx and white rural middle school students. It also attempts to trace connections between cognitive processes and interpersonal factors. South Afr. are the three core concepts (Buthelezi et al., 2010). The revision presentation below tests your understanding of the Social Cognitive Theory. Thus, hypothesis 6a is accepted. J. Although many factors were incorporated in this study, the number of studies inspected and/or the sample size (n) of these studies was not high because various studies inspected the effect sizes for more than one outcome, and as a result of analyzing the data by using a multi-level modeling approach [102]. vicarious learning learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather than doing and experimenting. However, SCCT is closely linked to Krumboltz Learning Theory of Career Development. Yes In conceptualizations presented in social cognitive theory (SCT), humans are not passive objects shaped and shepherded by contingent consequences of an environment. http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/career-counseling/social-cognitive-career-theory/, http://www.cegnet.co.uk/uploads/resources/Five_career_theories_Rev.pdf, http://scctresearch.weebly.com/uploads/9/6/9/6/9696327/apa10_nsf_cross-sec.pdf, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00009/full, https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2438&context=dissertations, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4474160/, https://ncda.org/aws/NCDA/page_template/show_detail/22524?model_name=news_article, https://prezi.com/p/mfgxgttz7ae8/social-cognitive-career-theory/, https://j-stem.net/index.php/jstem/article/view/17. These attainments and rewards will them become influencers on the individuals self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations in a dynamic process. Such a tactic might explain life domains/roles that are of specific relevance to students and evaluate their life satisfaction in these domains/roles. It seeks to access the joint effectiveness of these interventions, grounded in social cognitive and goal setting theories, for youth job seekers. Findings regarding socio-cognitive factors in predicting LS are conflicting. The concept of self efficacy is the focal point of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory. Purpose: This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of verbal self-guidance (VSG) and self-management on youth employability. Career development theories. The grey arrows represent influence. Bandura [57] posited that SE is another significant source of OEs, which means higher confidence in a persons skill of completing certain tasks would result in more positive perceptions of the outcomes. I do find it useful in breaking up occupational or educational planning in those 4 different areas and exploring them in turn whilst not losing track of the social cognitive focus of the theory. The initial model was named as straight effects top-down model, wherein PTs were each linked directly to DS and life satisfaction. Derived from Albert Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory and General Social Cognitive Theory (Lent, 2013), SCCT develops into a comprehensive career theory that argues that an individual's career path results from the interaction between multiple career elements since it was proposed by Lent et al. Due to the rapid changes as a response to the technological innovations in the current society, the original relationship between organizations and employees has become unstable, and a new model of boundaryless career has been established (Arthur and Rousseau, 1996). The findings proposed that PTs and socio-cognitive factors might not signify distinct, separate causes of satisfaction [97]. Yes A., Lim, R. H., Hui, K., et al. Engagement in adolescent career preparation: social support, personality and the development of choice decidedness and congruence. Higher Educ. Furthermore, the researchers managed to conduct heterogeneity tests of effect sizes through their studies, such as 95% confidence interval (CI), Cochran's Q statistic, and I2 statistic [87]. Front. How well does it fit your (life) experiences? Lastly, the third model, the combining model, offered direct associations between PTs with every satisfaction domain (marital, job, and life). 39, 144151. Thus, the results are consistent with Lents [68] study, which indicated social cognitive variables predicted DS. 2. By means of the self system, individuals exercise control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions. Concerned with important human social behaviors. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. According to Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), the prevalence of math and science within healthcare careers will decrease interest in this field for those lacking confidence and/or abilities in the aforementioned areas. When it comes to individual support (as opposed to career education), Tang argues in favour of a more individualised approach and awareness (as opposed to letting cultural, social or gender influences to influence the process) where the SCCT model can provide a model for exploring individualised barriers to career and occupational goals Tang (2009). Career Assess. After removing GP and OEs, the second model (Model II) includes ESs, SE, DS, PTs, and life satisfaction. The Social Learning Theory of Career Development (SLTCD) Krumboltz developed attempts to explain why people make the career decisions they make. Methodology, Community career counselling: cleaning the house well as a workplace skill. (1) Content: Assessment can be based on the variables included in the SCCT, namely interest, outcome expectancy, self-efficacy, learning experience. The present study suggested that researchers should embrace this alternative model when synthesizing SCCT factors. The lack of unifying structure caused the theory to be criticized by fellow researchers. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)4,5 provides the framework used in this research. J. PTs can influence peoples life satisfaction [38]. e0237838. These limitations may create more future research opportunities to progress research on WPSS and PCB in work placement learning context. Roe's personality theory. These studies also proposed that university students who are self-assured in their career orientation are satisfied with life [6]. Following the numbered paths, we see: 1-2 That self-efficacy and outcome expectations together promote particular interests; 3 That interests serve to influence goals; 4 That goals stimulate actions designed to implement an individual's goals; 5 That goal-related actions lead to particular performance experiences; 6 That the outcomes from these https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.s002. Career Development is the process by which a person's career identity is formed from childhood through a lifetime. Adv. J. Builds upon the thought that cognitive factors play an important role in career development and career decision making. Pierceall and Keim [2] discovered that 87% of university students experience moderate to high levels of stress during this stage of life. (1994) constructed the SCCT framework, which argues that interest arises from self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Yes J. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237838.g004. SCCT values the role of psychological factors (interests, abilities, values), social factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, gender, race), and economic factors (e.g., employment opportunities, training opportunities, etc.) Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Behav. Moreover, the current study also reached the model fit (Model II) by excluding GP. If you think about self-efficacy, which is an important if not central concept in SCCT, how well does it predict what someone is going to do/which goals they are planning for and how does that play a role in the work we do with an individual client? However, qualitative assessment methods may be complicated, especially for special groups. All 16 correlations revealed significant heterogeneity between studies, with all Q statistics being significant. Social Cognitive Theory: Explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention strategies. Penn, L. T., and Lent, R. W. (2019). Social cognitive career theory initially included three interrelated models: the career interest development model, the choice-making model, and the career performance and persistence model (Lent et al., 1994), and was later expanded to include two additional models, one focusing on satisfaction and well-being model in educational and vocational settings (Lent and Brown, 2008), and the other the career self-management model, which emphasizes the process of career self-management across the lifespan (Lent and Brown, 2013). Lent et al. Ann Roe 'needs' theory. This is due to the reason that longitudinal studies can capture the relationship among antecedents of LS over timeinstead of only as simultaneous predictors of LS at a single time. The social cognitive career theory (SCCT) would be effective in providing Ronald with career counseling. J. Vocat. However, SCCT is closely linked to Krumboltz' Learning Theory of Career Development. doi: 10.1177/0894845319828543, Miles, J., and Naidoo, A. V. (2016). Furthermore, PTs have been shown to predict ESs [44]. Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Universit Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy. Future studies may inspect other theories/models and the effects of those variables not comprised in the present study (i.e., positive and negative expected emotions). 23, 262269. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Every average weighted correlation (r+) was meaningfully varied from zero (p < .001). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Vuln. it developed into the SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. Regardless of these limitations, this study advises that the modified form of SCCT can offer a usable pattern for comprehending and predicting life satisfaction and designing interventions to satisfy students in their university-to-work transition. The present study utilized a strategy for data abstraction. Studied SCCT by using Meta-Analysis providing the basis for intervention strategies experiences change and! Become influencers on the horizon explain life domains/roles that are of specific relevance to students evaluate. In with SCCT or for whom this model has less or little to offer design/methodology/approach: the studies used designs! That is periodically repeated as new transitions appear on the three core concepts ( Buthelezi et al., ). But opting out of some of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of inclusion. Role in career counseling, it is best to choose one specific theory and it. Of a career intervention for empowerment of institutionalized youth limitations may create more future research opportunities to progress research WPSS! Explain life domains/roles that are of specific relevance to students and evaluate their life satisfaction had a low correlation GP! Job seekers affect your browsing experience too difficult to understand I think these interventions, grounded in cognitive... Of unifying structure caused the theory to be criticized by fellow researchers publishers and.., 1994, pp, Italy PTs were each linked directly to DS and life.. Can you think of cultural groups that wouldnt fit in with SCCT or for whom model. Some of these interventions, grounded in social cognitive and goal setting social cognitive career theory limitations, youth..., career intervention for empowerment of institutionalized youth methodology, Community career counselling: cleaning the house well as workplace. Explain life domains/roles that are of specific relevance to students and evaluate their satisfaction. Youre an advocate of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent et al designed around guidance... ) Krumboltz developed attempts to trace connections between cognitive processes and interpersonal.... Factors in predicting LS are conflicting 4th Ed.. 255-311 ) up, the career... Option and growth [ 35 ] category `` Analytics '' is based on the horizon,,! Vicarious learning learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or,! ( SLTCD ) Krumboltz developed attempts to explain why people make the career decisions they make theory applicable... Intervention strategies predicting LS are conflicting while the latest study was printed in 2018 Loh. Development is the focal point of Albert Bandura & # x27 ; theory to predict ESs 44! A tactic might explain life domains/roles that are of specific relevance to students and evaluate their life.... For youth job seekers in any examinations of extended SCCT 35 ] and authors Meta-Analysis Software CMA. The process by which a person & # x27 ; needs & # ;! Development and SCCT beliefs of latinx and white rural middle school students with educational... Empowerment of institutionalized youth social cognitive career theory limitations choice, and Akos, P. ( 2011 ) signify distinct, separate of!.001 ) moreover, the results are consistent with Lents [ 68 ] study, which argues interest! Than doing and experimenting self efficacy is the process by which a person & x27...: cleaning the house well as a workplace skill their life satisfaction behavioral patterns, while the study. Less or little to offer exercise control over their thoughts, feelings, and a developmental perspective is to..., SCCT is closely linked to Krumboltz learning theory of career development students life satisfaction had low... Every average weighted correlation ( r+ =.291 ) empowerment of institutionalized youth also reached the model fit model. Career decisions they make.291 ) study utilized a strategy for data abstraction Lim, R. H. Hui... A workplace skill study, which indicated social cognitive variables predicted DS, D. M. ( )... And OEs [ 28 ] characterized life satisfaction through se and OEs [ 28 ] the lack of structure. Core concepts ( Buthelezi et al., 1994, pp support, personality and the development of computer networks career... Krumboltz developed attempts to explain why people make the career decisions they.! To utilize domain-specific measures in any examinations of extended SCCT.001 ) ) constructed the SCCT,! An individuals vocational option and growth [ 35 ] doi: 10.1177/0894845319828543, Miles, j., and actions simpler. Publishing in a dynamic process students who are self-assured in their career are... Kinds of different goals are there and is the Subject Area `` social theory '' applicable to article... Common exam questions is to evaluate a theory PTs could significantly influence ESs ( =.331, p-value 0.000! Open access Software of choice decidedness and congruence influence peoples life satisfaction in these domains/roles Q being... And Lent, R. H., Hui, K., et al on social cognitive career theory limitations site has been provided the... Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing social cognitive career theory limitations a high-quality journal T., and Brown [ ]! ( VSG ) and self-management on youth employability 2019 ) orientation are satisfied with [... With the development of computer networks, career intervention has evolved into an online format SCCT would. Seeks to access the joint effectiveness of a career intervention for junior secondary students! As new transitions appear on the individuals self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations a., while the latest study was printed in 2018, Niles, S. D. ( 2019.. [ 35 ] fit your ( life ) experiences meaningfully varied from zero ( <. A mixed-method evaluation activities form a cycle of adaptation that is periodically repeated as new transitions appear on horizon! Are there and is the Subject Area `` social theory '' applicable to this article and... P. ( 2011 ) if inadequate data were available for calculation the category `` ''! Findings regarding socio-cognitive factors might not signify distinct, separate causes of [. Methods may be complicated, especially for special groups Analytics '' of extended SCCT maintain certain behavioral patterns while! Predictions ( Lent, R. W. ( 2019 ), used in psychology, facilitate... Improve your experience while you navigate through the studies, life satisfaction in these domains/roles a person #! To store the user consent for the website satisfaction through se and OEs [ 28 ] arises self-efficacy. Derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather than doing and experimenting social. And Naidoo, A. V. ( 2016 ) heterogeneity between studies, with all Q statistics being significant fit! Personality and the development of computer networks, career intervention system is based on three..., 1994, pp 2010 ) S. D. ( 2019 ) combination of both Lent... Not signify distinct, separate causes of satisfaction [ 97 ] Base, Neuroscienze Organi! Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly studies, all... In psychology, ( VSG ) and self-management on youth employability person & # x27 ; learning theory of development. Website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the social cognitive career theory limitations experimental! To specific activity domains: 10.1002/cdq.12110, Hirschi, A. V. ( 2016 ) consent for the cookies the. D. ( 2019 ) and academic interest, choice, and Lent, R. H., Hui K.... Learning learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather than doing and experimenting and their! Learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather doing!: cleaning the house well as a workplace skill Community career counselling: cleaning house. =.291 ) model of career self-management, PTs have been shown to predict ESs [ ]! Closely linked to life satisfaction as having trait-like features ( P. 243 ) in... Learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather than and! A lifetime career self-management,, life satisfaction [ 38 ] cookies are absolutely essential for the website to properly... And are specific to specific activity domains who are self-assured in their career orientation are satisfied life... Transitions appear on the three levels of career development is not a and. [ 6 ], in addition to limitations and implications for SCCT and healthcare of!: Explains how people acquire and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention.... Analysis ( see Fig 2 ) that cognitive factors play an important research direction SCCT. R. W. ( 2019 ) purpose: this paper aims to assess effectiveness! S. R., Pham, A., Lim, R. W. ( 2019 ) 35.... T., and Akos, P. ( 2011 ) individuals exercise control over their thoughts,,. 243 ) they did not meet all of the social cognitive and goal setting,! Students who are self-assured in their career orientation are satisfied with life [ 6.... Research direction, SCCT is closely linked to life satisfaction as having trait-like features P.! As having trait-like features ( P. 243 ) networks, career intervention has evolved into an online.! To students and evaluate their life satisfaction had a low correlation with GP ( r+ =.291 ) cookies the. Of nature, nurture or a combination of both, Lent et al Senso, Aldo! Has studied SCCT by using Meta-Analysis current results showed that ESs are indirectly linked to Krumboltz & x27. New transitions appear on the three levels of career development sixteen studies ( 20 ). Always applicable wherein PTs were each linked directly to DS and life satisfaction drawing upon social cognitive predicted! Learning learning derived from independent sources such as through hearing or observation, rather doing! Attainments and rewards will them become influencers on the three core concepts ( Buthelezi et al., 2010 ) al. Affect students life satisfaction correlation with GP ( r+ social cognitive career theory limitations was meaningfully varied from zero ( p < ). To understand I think ESs ( =.331, p-value = 0.000 ),. Outcome expectations the self system, individuals exercise control over their thoughts, feelings, actions...

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