But, if land is limited or scarce, this strategy is not a particularly good one. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Create your account. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. The long dependency of a child is essentially the same problem as division of labor because having a young child makes it difficult for a mother to do all the needed subsistence work, particularly dangerous work such as hunting. However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. Divorce rate? 1972. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. More geographically isolated societies are more likely to allow cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). 4) Stress of marriage. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. Why? A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). Ember, Carol R., Benjamin Gonzalez, and Daniel McCloskey. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. But since women in the Arab Khalifate region are typically secluded, women would be unlikely to be able to cultivate their portion of land, leaving it to be controlled by her husband. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. Starkweather, Katherine E., and Raymond Hames. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Here are some of the main findings. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). 2016. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). 2011. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. There are a couple of known exceptions to the claim that marriage is a universal custom. Munck, Victor de, and Jennifer McGreevey. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. Extended families often include people from 3 or 4 generations. In fact, most of the time you'll find the word you are looking for after typing only one or two letters. It is practiced by some Australian tribes,[13] historically widespread in the Turkic societies,[14][15] Ta societies (Ivory Coast),[16] Eskimo,[17] among Ugrians[18] and others. Another evolutionary theory is based on the idea that inequality in male wealth will favor polygyny because women (or their families) might choose to marry a wealthy man, rather than a man with few resources. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. In American kinship systems, cousins are treated more or less equivalently, but in many societies there are markedly different attitudes towards and expectations for different types of cousins. This would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from mating with each other. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). Since the family is the major context in which children learn and grow, it would not be surprising if the type and form of family did not have important impacts on human development. more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. 1976. 2011). One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. 1900. matrilocal Strict rules are defined so that women from one skin name group may only marry men from another skin name, and their children will be considered part of a completely separate skin name. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. If the complexity of marriage ceremonies indicates the level of social interest in marriage, then it may relate to how strongly a society will restrict womens sexual relationships outside of marriage, further establishing marriage as an institution for reproduction. medical anthropology According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. The minority of societies have independent family households. economy Pathogen stress is the only predictor of nonsororal polygyny in state societies. This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. This has made exogamy more common than ever before. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. 1988. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. Why? Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom. Indeed, there is tremendous variability in almost every aspect of marriage, from the rules surrounding whom one can and cannot marry, how marriage is arranged, how couples get married, how many people can be married at a time, how long marriages last, and what conditions allow a marriage to be dissolved. Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. In such circumstances, it is reproductively advantageous to marry someone, rather than no one. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. Why? Ackerman (1963) finds that. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). 2007. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. Extended families may provide alternative caretakersgrandparental caretaking in particular is associated with higher warmth towards children. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. Why? However, some relatively recent cross-cultural research by Starkweather and Hames (2012) suggests that while polyandry is the norm in only a few societies, there are societies where polyandry sometimes takes place. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. in bilateral societies, the greater the likelihood that marriage takes place within the community, as opposed to marrying outside the community, the lower the divorce rate. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. To understand what a cross-cousin is versus a parallel cousin, it helps to think of the term cross as meaning related to you by crossing gender in the parental generation. 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And Fisher 2016 ) consent submitted will only be used for data originating... Productive unit members form a social and productive unit have a large number of childrengenerally, the increased acceptability interracial!

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